Force Encounters Recommended Pre-Course Reading

• Neuroscience for Combat Leaders
• Use of Force Standards
• Assessing Lethal Force Liability Decisions – Darrell L. Ross, PhD

Recommended Reading List

• Recommended Reading Nov 2018

Officer-Involved Shooting/Use of Force Media Kit

• California-Training-Institute-UOF-OIS-Media-Kit-Jan 2017 A simple PowerPoint presentation you can use as a template for your agency.
• California Training Institute UOF-OIS Media Kit: A read-only PDF file. Version 3

Use of Force

• De-Policing in America: The Effects of Media and Leadership on  Officer’s Discretionary Enforcement: Blake, D.M. – Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, Volume 17 Issue 1
• The Art of Force – Pre-Contact Threat Assessment by Ron Martinelli, Ph.D.
• Taser Mentality by Ron Martinelli, Ph.D.
• Responding to Psychomedical Emergencies by Ron Martinelli, Ph.D.
• Use of Force Policies – Lexipol

California Training Institute: Training Materials

• Visual Field Calculator Ver. 7-0
• Daily-Sleep Calculator Ver. 2-0
• Weekly-Sleep Calculator Ver. 5-0
• Newsletter 1 – How Coffee Affects Us
• Newsletter 2 – Energy Drink Dangers
• Newsletter 3 – Energy Drink Contents
• Newsletter 4 – Tunnel Vision
• Newsletter 5 – Does My Eye See What the Camera Sees?
• Newsletter 6 – Fatigue
• Newsletter 7 – Predicting Fatigue
• Newsletter 8 – Fatigue Facts
• Newsletter 9 – Sensory Gating

Body-Worn Cameras

• The Camera vs. the Human Eye: Roger Cicala
•  The Efficacy of Police Body Worn Cameras for Evidentiary Purposes: Fact or Fallacy: Geis, C.E. & Blake, D.M. Police Chief 2015
• Implementing a Body-Worn Camera Program – Department of Justice
• Implementing A Body-Worn Camera Program – Cops
• Two Under Discussed Issues With Body-worn Cameras – David Blake

Bell Helicopter Human Factor Articles

•  Air France 447 Transcript – Craig Geis
• Introduction to the Science of Human Factors: Why We Do What We Do – Craig Geis
• Stress & Performance Part 1 – Craig Geis
• Stress & Performance Part 2 – Craig Geis
• Situational Awareness & Decision Making – Craig Geis

 Stress & Performance

• Science Shows Alex Honnold Feels No Fear Posted 11/10/2018
• Distortion of Time & Space Under Stress – Craig Geis
• Measuring & Understanding the Stress Response in Tactical Situations  – David K. Spierer, Eddie Griffiths, and  Trica  Sterland
• Murder or Stress Induced Hypervigilance: Officer Johanees Mehserle Case – Ron Martinelli
• New Stress Studies – Craig Geis
• Officer Involved Shootings: Implications for Officers Involved and Investigators – Craig Geis
• Stress-Proof Your Brain – Craig Geis
• Stress-Induced Hypervigilance – Ron Martinelli
• Survival Scores Research  – FLETC Research Study, Homeland Security
• The Anatomy Of Fear & How It Relates to Survival Skills – Darren Laur
• The Collapse of Sense-Making In Organizations: The Man Gulch Fire Disaster – Administrative Science Quarterly,  Karl Weick
• Understanding Naturalistic Decision Making Under Life Threatening Conditions – Moin Rahman
• Why People Freeze In An Emergency –   Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine • Vol. 75, No. 6, June 2004, John Leach
• Stress & Fatigue On Officer Recall – Lorraine Hope
• Autonomic Response To Tactical Pistol Performance Measured by Heart Rate Variability – Andrew G. Thompson, David P. Swain, David Branch, Robert J. Spina, and Carmine R. Grieco
• Shoot Studies and Stress – Journal Synopsis of Two Key Articles

 Sleep Deprivation & Fatigue

• Combating Police Officer Fatigue – Reece Towle
• Consequences of Sleep Deprivation – Jeffrey S. Durmer, M.D., Ph.D. and David F. Dinges, Ph.D.
• Crew Factors in Alertness – NASA, Mark R. Rosekind, Philippa H. Gander, Linda J. Connell, and Elizabeth L. Co
• Effect of Sleep Deprivation On Performance –  W. Todd Maddox, Brian D. Glass, Sasha M. Wolosin, Zachary R. Savarie; Christopher Bowen; Michael D. Matthews, David M. Schnyer,
• Fatigue – Working Under the Influence – Sukwon Kim, Ben D. Cranor, and Young S. Ryu
• Fatigue Impairment In Speed & Accuracy – Maruff, P., Falleti, M. G., Collie, A., Darby, D. and McStephen, M.
• Fatigue PowerPoint Presentation – Craig Geis
• How lack of sleep may cause deadly police errors – PoliceOne
• Managing Fatigue Its About Sleep – Drew Dawson, Kristy McCulloch
• Moderate sleep deprivation produces impairments in cognitive and motor performance equivalent to legally prescribed levels of alcohol intoxication  – A M Williamson, Anne-Marie Feyer
• Physiological Investigation Of Vigilance Decrement: Boredom or Cognitive Fatigue? – Pattyn N, Neyt  X, Henderickx D, Soetens E.
• Pilot Fatigue: Sleepy Air Canada Pilot – News Article
• Reaction Time and Fatigue Study – United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Michael Russo
• Sleep: A Critical Factor To Enhance Transportation Safety – Mark R. Rosekind, Ph.D.
• Factoring Fatigue into Police Deadly Force Encounters: Decision-Making and Reaction Times – David M. Blake and Edward Cumella
  
• Sleep: Its Importance and The Effects Of Deprivation On Surgeons and Other Health Care Professionals –D.A.Parrya, R.S.Oeppenb, M.S.A.Aminc, P.A.Brennan
• The Alarming Consequences of Police Working Overtime – Mike Maciag Oct 2, 2017 Calibre Press

Neuroscience

• Energy Drink Health Consequences Revealed In Horrifying New Scientific Study – Daniel Lieberman & Michael Long (Political Science) – Posted 11/110/2018
• Inattentional Blindness – Craig Geis
• Neuroscience for Combat Leaders – Major Andrew Steadman, U.S. Army
• Current Brain Research on Practice – Molly Gebrian
• What You Need to Know About Neurotransmitters – Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Memory

• Date Rape Drugs & Loss of Memory1 – Craig Geis
• Memory How Memories are Formed, Stored & Retrieved with Trainer Tips – Craig Geis
• Memory Processes, Distortion, & Loss – Craig Geis
• Physiology of Memory  – PowerPoint Presentation – Craig Geis
• Memory Dynamics Under Stress – Conny W. E. M. Quaedflieg & Lars Schwabe
• Where Does the Brain Store Long-Ago Memories – Scientific American
• Nose Breathing Enhances Memory Consolidation – Neuroscience News October 2018

 Officer Involved Shooting / Use of Force Investigations

• A Good Practice Approach to Officer Involved Shooting Investigations– James F. Wilson, Esq.; R. Edward Geiselman, PhD; Alexis Artwohl, PhD
• Acute Dissociative Responses In Law Enforcement Officers Involved in Critical Shooting Incidents – Journal of Forensic Science, J. Michael Rivard, M.D.; Park Dietz, M.D., Ph.D.; Daniel Martell, Ph.D.; and Mel Widawski, M.A.
• Attack Simulation: Duane Wolf (PowerPoint Presentation)
• Dangers of Gun-Flashlight Combo – Scott Goldstein, The Dallas Morning News
• Emerging Use of Force Issues – IACP
• Factors Affecting Reaction Time – Craig Geis
• Killed in the Line of Duty – FBI Summary – Greg Conner
• Officer Involved Shootings – What We Didnt Know Has Hurt Us – Thomas J. Aveni, M.S., The Police Policy Studies Council
• Reasonableness and Reaction Time – Police Quarterly, J. Pete Blair, Joycelyn Pollock, Don Montague, Terry Nichols, John Curnutt,  and David Burns
• Relationship Between Consistency & Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony:  Legal vs. Cognitive Explanations – Ronald P. Fisher, Neil Brewer, Gregory Mitchell
• Replica Weapons, David M. Blake, California Training Institute
• Rest & Eyewitness Memory Recall – R. Edward Geiselman, Ph.D.
• Thoughts On then Trial and Verdict in People v. Johannes Mehserle – Michael L Rains (Defense Attorney) – Legal Defense Report
• Trauma Response & Function of Nightmares: Technical Article – Lynnette Dalrymple
• Use of Force Standards – Ed Flosi
• Weapons Confusion 2012 Rulings – AELE Law Journal
• IACP OIS Guidelines for Leadership 2016 – IACP
• IACP OIS Guidelines for Leadership (Trifold) – IACP
• Holster & Handgun: Does Equipment Effect Response time? – David Blake & Lon Bartel
• The Search for Reasonableness in Use-Of-Force Cases – Seth D. DuCharme, Fordham Law Review
• Further Analysis of The Unintentional Discharge of Firearms In Law Enforcement – John O’Neilla, Mark E. Hartmana, Dawn A. O’Neilla, William J. Lewinski
• Office Involved Shooting – A Guide for LE Leaders
• Assessing Lethal Force Liability Decisions – Darrell L. Ross, PhD
• Considerations and Recommendations Regarding State and Local Officer UOF Investigations – US DOJ
• Inattentional blindness for a gun during a simulated police vehicle stop – Daniel J. Simons1 and Michael D. Schlosser
• The Presence of a Weapon Shrinks the Functional Field of View – Yuki Harada, Yuji Hakoda, Daiichiro Kuroki and Hiroyuki Mitsudo
• Ottawa Cop Turned Researcher Finds Decline In Proactive Policing – Shaamini Yogaretnam

Cognitive Interviewing

• Cognitive Interview Method – Fisher & Geiselman

Aviation Cases

• Cockpit Voice Recording: Colgan Air (Buffalo Crash) Cockpit Voice Recording
• Video: Colgan Air (Buffalo Crash) Video Simulation
• Colgan Air: Mitigated Speech in the Cockpit – Craig Geis
• US Airways Hudson River Crash  – Think Reliability
• Video: US Airways Hudson River Video Simulation

 Miscellaneous Articles

• Complacency Risk Management Model: Predicting Skill vs. Complacency Error – PowerPoint  – Craig Geis
• Dispatcher Error – Selected Examples
• Great Quotes on Human Performance – Various Authors
• Guidelines for Conducting A SWAT Needs Assessment – Lieutenant Blair Alexander, Oakland Police Department
• HALE Bike Tour Safety Analysis: National Park Service – An excellent template for the conduct of a safety risk assessment
• Integrating Safety and Crew Resource Management Aspects Into Current Training of Cabin Crew Members – Research Institute for Organizational Psychology, Sandrina Ritzmann,  Annette Kluge, Vera Hagemann, and Margot Tanner
• Intelligence Function In the Tactical Operations Center –  Lieutenant Blair Alexander, Oakland Police Department
• Making Training Relevant To the Threat – Airborne Law Enforcement, Craig Geis
• Recognizing and Mitigating Fatigue & Stress risk During External Rotorcraft Load Operations – Randy Stewart, U.S. Department of Energy
• The Value of Effective, Recurrent Dispatch Training – David Blake & Lesli Prado

 Book Reviews

• Blink Review: How We Process Information Quickly – Book Review – Malcolm Gladwell
• Recommended Reading List – Professional Development – Craig Geis
• Bulletproof Spirit – Dan Willis

 Leadership

• CZAR 52 Aviation Leadership Case Study– Tony Kern
• Emotional Intelligence (Leadership) – Bob Harrison,  Police Chief (Retired): Vacaville, CA
• General Colin Powell on Leadership – PowerPoint Presentation) – General Colin Powell
• How can leaders influence a safety culture: thought paper by Michael Leonard – Allan Frankel – The Health Foundation (Link)
• Leadership: A Tour de France Team Example – Craig Geis

 Medical

• Energy Drink Health Consequences Revealed In Horrifying New Scientific Study-Dr John Higgins, of the University of Texas Health Science Center – Posted 11/10/2018
• Energy Drink Consumption – Center for Disease Control
• Energy Drink Dangers – Dudley Crosson, ALEA Aeromedical Liaison
• Proposed Navy Dietary Supplements Policy – U.S. Navy
• AMA May Endorse Ban Of High-Energy Drinks – Bruce Japsen, Pharma & Healthcare
• Do Energy Drinks Affect Heart Health – Shawn Radcliffe – Men’s Fitness
• Energy Drinks – Harmless Boost or Long-term Death Sentence – Dr. Yvette Bolen – Academia.edu
• Fueled or Fooled – Danielle Gregory – Tinker Air Force Base
• Why Energy Drinks Could Be More Dangerous Than You Think – Tara Culp Ressler
• Energy Drink: Help or Hindrance – Lieutenant Commander Thomas Sather, Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Airbeat Magazine, May/June 2014
• No Wonder It Works So Well There May Be Viagra In That Herbal Supplement – Ronnie Cohen

Neuroscience News (New Human Factor Science Research)

• Disrupted Circadian Rhythms May Drive Anxiety and Exacerbate Brain Disorders Posted 11/10/2018
• Dopamine & Decision Making
• Positive Outcome Biases & Subsequent Memories
• The Emotions We Feel May Shape What We See
• Visualization
• Brain Bleed Tied To Energy Drinks
• Brain Blocks Formation of New Memories on Waking
• Can You Unconscious Forget an Experience
• How the Human Brain Decides What Is Important and What’s Not
• Our Senses Can’t Learn Under Stress
• Short Term Sleep Deprivation Affects Heart Function
• Sleep Helps Process Traumatic Experiences
• Tell a Friend What You Learned
• The Power of Expectation Can Restrain Hyper-Emotional Memories In The Brain
• Eating at Night and Sleeping by Day Swiftly Alters Key Blood Proteins
• Rhythm of Breathing Affects Memory and Fear
• Too Many choices
• Daytime Naps Help Us Acquire Information Not Consciously Perceived
• How the Brain Learns During Sleep
• Life is Like a Box of Hippocampal Scenes
• Researchers Show Change in Beliefs Associated with Dopamine in Brain
• The Spotlight of Attention is More Like a Strobe
• Positive-Outcome-Biases-Subsequent-Memories
• Real and Imagined Movements Are Controlled by the Brain In the Same Way
• Past Experience Shapes What We See More Than What We Are Looking At Now
• Brain Region That Motivates Behavior Change Discovered

David Blake (Lead CTI Instructor & Researcher) – Articles for Law Enforcement)

• How to apply force science findings to policy and training – October 11, 2013
• Rethinking officer safety tactics during pedestrian stops – January 10, 2014
• 2 Pedestrian stop safety tips that could save your life – February 28, 2014
• Truly test your officers with reality-based training – April 25, 2014
• How you can get more and better sleep off duty – October 10, 2014
• What agencies need to know about the limitations of body worn cam technology – February 17, 2015
• How to improve officer training for high-risk traffic stops – June 19, 2015
• What officers really need to know about the 21-foot kill zone – January 13, 2016
• How UOF evaluation is changing (and how to improve UOF decision making – February 10, 2016
• Survey: Is proactive policing slowing down – April 29, 2016
• Guardian vs. warrior: The many roles of a police officer – July 12, 2016
• Unpacking implicit bias in policing – November 2016
• Police warning shots: A consensus lacking agreement – April 12, 2017
• 2 under discussed issues with body worn cameras – September 21, 2017
• Does de-escalation endanger police officers or save lives – November 3, 2017
• 8 ways to prevent blue-on-blue shootings – January 5, 2018
• Got Graham? How AB 931 could impact California – July 2, 2018
• How human factors impact police safety during emergency driving – August 1, 2018
• California battle over use of force legislation rages on – April 3, 2019
• Training Day: Setting up use of force training for community education – July 29, 2019
• Cognition & attention a primer for mistake of fact shootings
• Cognitive bias and use of force investigations – June 2017
• De-policing in america – 2017
• Dispatchers don’t need stress training – right? – May 11, 2015
• Factoring fatigue into deadly force encounters – 2015
• Force options simulators – An underutilized training tool – 2017
• Officers facing criminal charges – Faulty decision making
• Rethinking officer safety tactics during pedestrian stops
• Tactical flashlights – What we don’t know will hurt us
• 8 points on proactive policing; Vital understanding of what is truly happening in today’s law enforcement
• Body worn cameras comparing the human and the device
• How human factors increase police pursuit risk
• Officers facing criminal charges: faulty decision making